Management Concepts and Organizational Behaviour Essay

To start off, organizational structure refers to the way management is organized within a business. It’s crucial for any organization to have the proper structure as it defines the hierarchy within an organization, identifies each job, their function, and where each job should report to. Possessing knowledge about your responsibilities is beneficial for the business as you’re able to carry out tasks efficiently, and be satisfied with the work environment. If staff members are aware of who’s doing what, performance would be a lot quicker and efficient. Organisational structures also provide information to staff about who to report to if they have any issues or queries as they have a clear view of the corporate ladder. Both Mercedes and Oxfam are organized in a tall structure – this is when the company is organized in a way that distinguishes the levels of hierarchy within a business. There are numerous levels of staff and departments, however, tall structures are more likely to only have eight levels of management within an organization as having more than this could decrease span of control. The purpose of this is simply to boost the incoming and current sales of their business. Having a tall organizational structure comes with many advantages, one being that since there are many levels of management, the company is able to promote more employees to management positions. Another advantage would include that managers have a much closer relationship with their employees as each manager has control. This could encourage employees to be more comfortable and express their views or any issues/queries they may have. Moreover, a tall organizational structure provides a clear view of the corporate ladder, therefore it’s easy for staff to know who to consult to which then saves time as any issues will be dealt quickly. Additionally, tall structures help Mercedes reach their financial aims as this type of organizational structure could improve sales/profit due to it dividing responsibility between its employees equally. Whilst this structure can come across as advantageous, there are a few disadvantages – the first one being that since there are so many layers to this structure, decision-making could be very time to consume which could then result in the company missing out on good opportunities by the time a decision is made. If an employee sees an issue or opportunity, they’ll have to contact their manager to take action. If the manager isn’t authorized to take action, then they’d have to move up the chain of command to find someone who can take action. Another disadvantage would be that there’s not a strong relationship between employers and managers who are several levels above them, thus making it difficult to relate to each other. Mercedes could also have a geographical structure due to the company being worldwide – its popularity resulted in it being managed on a global scale to potentially increase profit. Also, a tall organizational structure includes a lot more managers, therefore it makes sense that management costs would be higher. Additional management reduces net management and cash flow as these tall structures often translate into higher compensation and administrative costs for the various management layers. Oxfam also uses a functional structure – this is when the business groups employees together based specialized or similar set of roles/tasks, for example, the functions within Oxfam would be corporate/finance services, fundraising, and children/family services. This ensures that all of Oxfam’s activities that are deemed important are done effectively, and efficiently. Their functional structure is of utmost importance when it comes to their organization due to it helping them achieve their overall aims as every employee in a specific department focuses on their role, thus improving efficiency.

Development of Stratford Because of the Olympics Essay

The 2012 Olympics were held in Stratford in the East of London, many of the events took place here. The Olympic park covered an area of 500 acres which features the new built Olympic stadium, the London aquatics centre, the basketball arena, the London velopark and the riverbank arena. Boxing, fencing, judo, table tennis etc. was in the river zone which is located both sides of the River Thames in the Thames gateway area. The central zone which includes venues such as the Wembley stadium (where the finals of football competitions took place) also the Wembley Arena (Badminton) and Wimbledon (Tennis), covered most of central and West London. Stratford was chosen because the London bid team persuaded the 10c that this part of East London was in need of regeneration. Stratford was also chosen because the bid also proved that the area had potential, Javelin trains would take only 7 minutes from London and also the rivers in the area could make the Olympic park look beautiful. Also alongside the old network of river and canals there was plenty of room for new development. This has been one of the most compact Olympic parks – only about 2  ½ square kilometres. Economic: Development will transform rundown rail lands into major shopping and business location. 120 shops and cafes. Environmental: Olympic village will be converted into permanent homes.  The development will attract homes, businesses and visitors because it will look improved and welcoming. Wide variety of open space.  Visionary urban design, architecture and transport projects. The Stratford area will be transformed from a derelict filthy city into a clean, modern city. The regeneration of Stratford will help it be noticed and it will be transformed into a totally new place. The place and people will be noticed in a different and better way. Stratford has been improved in a great way because in the long term massive, new sporting facilities have been built which will attract people as it is a legacy of the games. Also in the long term, old houses have been knocked down and re-built making Stratford look more modern and looked after. Another reason as to why Stratford has been improved is because of more jobs that have been created which will attract more people to the area and make it well known. Another benefit and improvement is that the Olympic park ‘largest Urban Park in Europe for 50 years’ will create a better image for London and East End. Increased participation in sport for young people has been increased making East London and London look like a great healthy place possibly persuading adults to live in London with their children so their children have a healthier and more active life. One of the improvements I have mentioned (old houses being knocked down and new ones being built) has been classed as a social issue because of complaints saying it will change the socio economic structure and the geography of Stratford. Some residents have been offended negatively from the development of Stratford as almost  £9.3 billion has been spent on the games with three quarters of it earmarked for regeneration and they say it is hard to see where the money has gone. This suggests to us that their area has been left and not improved leaving it as it is was and many other areas have been left as they are too. A positive impact on the residents is that their area is going to become well known because of the Olympics and also many more new modern homes and jobs are being created and becoming available. More positive reasons that have affected the residents are that they have reduced untidiness by removing any unnecessary railings, posts, bins and benches. Also they have improved the quality of open spaces and they have planted trees in groups along the road and introduce greenery too make the traffic seem less dominating.

Ap English Essay Lewis Lapham

The assertions made by Lewis Lapham’s Money and Class in America distinguishes the meaning of success and the requirements for respect from Americans to that of other strong societies. In his essay he defends that Americans show respect for those with a high economic status while other nations feel art and intellect are warrant for respect. With this, he agrees with Henry Adams that Americans are greatly materialistic in the sense that they try to find â€Å"success† in wealth because they have been â€Å"deflected by the pursuit of money†.Though the idea that Americans favor and respect a high economic status is true, Lapham’s claim that they do so because they are socially forced to is not accurate because they still have the ability to make a choice. When Lapham states that â€Å"Men remain free to rise or fall in the world, and if they fail it must be because they willed it so†, he agrees with the suggestion that Americans see the rich as an exa mple of being sufficient. This is because he feels that if Americans are not rich it’s because they chose not to be, this is inaccurate.First off, he contradicts the â€Å"absurdity† he finds in the idea that â€Å"†¦in the United states a rich man is perceived as being necessarily both good and wise†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He defends the respect toward superficiality. He then goes on to support the idea that Americans still have a choice in choosing the other direction that he claims is being deflected by social standards. America has intellectuals and artists that deserve the respect they would receive in other nations, but instead their respect is given to those who don’t deserve it.What Lapham should have said is that men are free to deny whatever standards are being set for them. Though in other societies it is easier to find the artistic and intellectual respect, there is still choice, which Lapham claims is not true. As shown through his double standards in M oney and Class in America and in his denial of free will that any good hearted American would embrace, it is clear that he sides with the materialistic.

The History of Cocaine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The History of Cocaine - Essay Example It is an important source of nutrition and energy in a region that is lacking in other food sources and oxygen; the vitamins and protein present in the leaves, as well as the cocaine alkaloid, helps provide the energy and strength necessary for steep walks in this mountainous area and days without eating (Winger 45-47). Although the stimulant and hunger-suppressant properties of coca had been known for many centuries, the isolation of the cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until 1855. Although many scientists had attempted to isolate cocaine, no one had been successful for two reasons: the knowledge of chemistry required was insufficient at the time, and coca does not grow in Europe and is easily ruined during travel. The cocaine alkaloid was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke. Gaedcke named the alkaloid "erythroxyline", and published a description in the journal Archives de Pharmacie. In 1856 Friederich Wohler asked Dr. Carl Scherzer, a scientist aboard the Novara (an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe), to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America. In 1859 the ship finished its travels and Wohler received a trunk full of coca. Wohler passed on the leaves to Albert Niemann, a Ph.D. student at the University of Gottingen in Germany, who then developed an improved purification process. Niemann described every step he took to isolate cocaine in his dissertation entitled On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves, which was published in 1860 — it also earned him his Ph.D. and is now in the British Library. ... He wrote of the alkaloid's "colorless transparent prisms" and said that, "Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue." Niemann named the alkaloid "cocaine" - as with other alkaloids its name carried the "-ine" suffix (from Latin -ina). In 1879 cocaine began to be used to treat morphine addiction. Cocaine was introduced into clinical use as a local anaesthetic in Germany in 1884, about the same time as Sigmund Freud published his work Uber Coca, in which he wrote that cocaine causes: ...exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person...You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work....In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug....Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue...This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcohol....Absolutely no craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug... In 1885 the U.S. manufacturer Parke-Davis sold cocaine in various forms, including cigarettes, powder, and even a cocaine mixture that could be injected directly into the user's veins with the included needle. The company promised that its cocaine products would "supply the place of food, make the coward brave, the silent eloquent and ... render the sufferer insensitive to pain." By late Victorian era cocaine use had appeared as a vice in literature, for example as the cocaine injected by Arthur Conan Doyle's fictional

Acceptance Under Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Acceptance Under Contract Law - Essay Example Consideration is an added benefit that is bargained for and may also include a promise to compromise upon a dispute, but the important factor is that it must be a new obligation, over and above what has already been agreed to in the original contract. The principle of consideration determines whether an oral promise may be enforceable since an implicit contract is formed if the person making the promise is receiving something in return – some consideration [www.abanet.org, pp 22]. This involves the exchange of â€Å"something of value† or the promise to do something in future.[www.bplans.co.uk, 2003]. The basic premise of a contract is the concept of Offer and Acceptance. When one party makes an offer and another party accepts it – either orally or in writing – then a contract is said to exist [www.bplans.co.uk, 2003]. In order for a contract to be valid, both the parties need to exchange something of value. If one party promises orally to give something to the other but does not follow through with it, his promise is not enforceable, unless the other party agreed to do something in return for the promised gift, in which case a contract does exist and may be enforceable. Once an agreement has been made and a contract entered into, any agreement to vary the contract is likely to be based upon some consideration, especially if the pacts is increased under the doctrine of economic duress. The doctrine of consideration has however been argued as being too â€Å"blunt an instrument† since its â€Å"reasoning was such that it could make a promise invalid even thoug h no pressure had been exerted by the promisee at all.† [Trietel, 2002, pp 14]. In this connection, there is already in existence a written contract between the two parties, which lays out the terms of payment for services rendered, ie, three installment payments of 10,000 pounds each to be made by Roger.

Cultural and Thematic factors of the two version of the film Let the Essay

Cultural and Thematic factors of the two version of the film Let the Right One in - Essay Example The theme of bullying occurs as a major one in forming the plot and in building the main characters’ friendship. The cultural aspect that is enriched by this theme is the absenteeism of a male or father figure in the boy’s life, which makes it hard for him to speak out. The result is an identity crisis with no reliable model and coming from a broken family. It is culturally wrong for a boy child especially in the years the movie is set in to confide in their mother or a woman. The twist comes in when the boy confides in the new girl and this makes their connection point. The immediate theme related to bullying is the coming-of-age of the boy and the girl (Ajvide Lindqvist & Segerberg, 2008). The boy has to take care and defend himself for the first time while the girl is forced to look for food all by herself when her benefactor â€Å"father† dies. This maturity process is culturally appropriate and their ages, early teens, are perfect for the themes exploration. The theme of gender and sexuality is explored in the film’s main characters with the remake of the film portraying a more contemporary boy-girl relationship than the original version. The rationale behind this is the difference in setting, where the original film is set in Stockholm, while the remake is set in New Mexico. A great distance exists between the two settings culturally in that the original is more conservative in terms of the relationship portrayed between the two lead acts, while the remake alludes to a more open society where gender/sexuality is not something to be ashamed of at all stages. The other cultural difference is in the setting of the movies (Wright, 2010). The theme of loneliness and identity loss occasioned by growing in an impoverished and dark kind of neighborhood comes out in the film. The original being set in Sweden manages to convey a darker neighborhood with no history, no church, and the buildings/complexes are a bit eerie. The

Ethical and nonethical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical and nonethical - Essay Example (Ethical 2011) Un-ethical is simply the opposite of ethical, or an action that avoids the moral issues surrounding said decision. Non-ethical simply calls for a lack of ethical obligation one way or the other. Someone can be un-ethical, however, an object cannot be. Though the object can be non-ethical and in fact by definition is. An example is a vehicle which is non-ethical by default as it cannot make decisions or reason and therefore cannot be un-ethical. Some examples of ethical issues in the workplace can be related directly to me in that ethically I am bound to complete the tasks given to me according to the agreement made to work in said workplace. Additionally ethical dilemmas may arise when called upon to preform outside of the set duties given to me by my mangers. I could perform the work however, would expect additional pay as a result, otherwise the management is preforming in an un-ethical manner. Generally outside of that there are only personal ethical dilemmas such a s potential relationships within the workplace with coworkers, policy is such so that personal fraternization is frowned upon and seen as a potential ethical dilemma. Specifically this would become a serious breach of ethics and policy if that fraternization was occurring between a member of management and a non-management employee. The reason for this is that anyone fraternizing in a manner that could possibly be influenced or influential upon the others career is a serious breach of ethics and in most companies policy as well. This has not occurred at this point, however it is a clear example of an ethical dilemma. Ethical,. (2011). definition of ethical. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethical Second questions- The three models of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) are the economic model, philanthropic model and the social web model. The Harvard Kennedy school of business defines Corporate Social Responsibility as, â€Å"beyond philanthropy and compli ance and addresses how companies manage their economic, social, and environmental impacts, as well as their relationships in all key spheres of influence: the workplace, the marketplace, the supply chain, the community, and the public policy realm.† (Corporate Social Responsibility, 2011) Understanding the definition of the term CSR is an important part of understanding which model is the most persuasive personally. In looking to the text and additional resources the idea supporting the social web model seems the most appropriate of the three models. The social web model is a beneficial model for society as a whole and provides support through interaction versus simply giving services or products away or selling for a profit. People chose to interact simply because that is what humans and other animals do, they socialize and travel and live in groups. The social web model helps align the goals of the corporation with the daily life challenges and decisions faced by all those i nvolved in the local or global society. While this is a beneficial approach for other humans it may not always reflect as such with the bottom line, especially when profit is required by stockholders in any publicly traded corporation. As a result the most utilized CSR model is likely the economic model, a balance of economic decisions based on the need for profit and the need to contribute to the social web as